Mining pool
In the context of cryptocurrency mining, a mining pool is the pooling of resources by miners, who share their processing power over a network, to split the reward equally, according to the amount of work they contributed to the probability of finding a block. A "share" is awarded to members of the mining pool who present a valid partial proof-of-work. Mining in pools began when the difficulty for mining increased to the point where it could take centuries for slower miners to generate a block. The solution to this problem was for miners to pool their resources so they could generate blocks more quickly and therefore receive a portion of the block reward on a consistent basis, rather than randomly once every few years.
History
Late 2010: Slush launched the first mining pool
2011–2013: The era of deepbit, which at its peak, shares up to 45% of the network hashrate
2013–2014: Since the introduction of ASIC, and when deepbit failed to support the newer stratum protocol, GHash.IO replaced deepbit and became the largest
2014–2015: Rise of China. F2Pool which launched in May 2013, replaced GHash.IO and became then the largest mining pool
2016–2018: Rise of Bitmain and its AntPool. Bitmain also controls a few other smaller pools like BTC.com and ViaBTC
2019–2020: The launch of Poolin. Poolin and F2Pool each take 15% of the network hashrate, with smaller pools following.
2020: Binance launches a mining pool following Huobi and OKex. Luxor launches a US-based mining pool.
Mining pool share
Share is the principal concept of the mining pool operation. Share is a potential block solution. So it may be a block solution, but it is not necessarily so. For example, suppose a block solution is a number that ends with 10 zeros and, a share may be a number with 5 zeros at the end. Sooner or later one of the shares will have not only 5, but 10 zeros at the end, and this will be the block solution.
Mining pools need shares to estimate the miner's contribution to the work performed by the pool to find a block. There are numerous miner reward systems: PPS, PROP, PPLNS, PPLNT, and many more.
Mining pool methods
Mining pools may contain hundreds or thousands of miners using specialized protocols. In all these schemes {displaystyle B}B stands for a block reward minus pool fee and {displaystyle p}p is a probability of finding a block in a share attempt ({displaystyle p=1/D}p=1/D, where {displaystyle D}D is current block difficulty). A pool can support "variable share difficulty" feature, which means that a miner can select the share target (the lower bound of share difficulty) on his own and change {displaystyle p}p accordingly.
Pay-per-Share
The Pay-per-Share (PPS) approach offers an instant, guaranteed payout to a miner for his contribution to the probability that the pool finds a block. Miners are paid out from the pool's existing balance and can withdraw their payout immediately. This model allows for the least possible variance in payment for miners while also transferring much of the risk to the pool's operator.
Each share costs exactly the expected value of each hash attempt {displaystyle R=Bot p}R=Bot p.
Proportional
Miners earn shares until the pool finds a block (the end of the mining round). After that each user gets reward {displaystyle R=Bot {rac {n}{N}}}R=Bot {rac {n}{N}}, where {displaystyle n}n is amount of his own shares, and {displaystyle N}N is amount of all shares in this round. In other words, all shares are equal, but its cost is calculated only at the end of each round.
Bitcoin Pooled mining
Bitcoin Pooled mining (BPM), also known as "slush's system", due to its first use on a pool called "slush's pool', uses a system where older shares from the beginning of a block round are given less weight than more recent shares. A new round starts the moment the pool solves a block and miners are rewarded Proportional to the shares submitted. This reduces the ability to cheat the mining pool system by switching pools during a round, to maximize profit.
Pay-per-last-N-shares
Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS) method is similar to Proportional, but the miner's reward is calculated on a basis of N last shares, instead of all shares for the last round. It means that when a block is found, the reward of each miner is calculated based on the miner contribution to the last N pool shares. Therefore, if the round was short enough all miners get more profit and vice versa.
Solo Mining Pool
Solo pools operate the same way as usual pools, with the only difference being that block reward is not distributed among all miners. The entire reward in a solo pool goes to the miner who finds the block.
Peer-to-Peer Mining Pool
Peer-to-peer mining pool (P2Pool) decentralizes the responsibilities of a pool server, removing the chance of the pool operator cheating or the server being a single point of failure. Miners work on a side blockchain called a share chain, mining at a lower difficulty at a rate of one share block per 30 seconds. Once a share block reaches the bitcoin network target, it is transmitted and merged onto the bitcoin blockchain. Miners are rewarded when this occurs proportional to the shares submitted prior to the target block. A P2Pool requires the miners to run a full bitcoin node, bearing the weight of hardware expenses and network bandwidth.
Geometric method
Geometric Method (GM) was invented by Meni Rosenfeld. It is based on the same "score" idea, as Slush's method: the score granted for every new share, relatively to already existing score and the score of future shares, is always the same, thus there is no advantage to mining early or late in the round.
Double Geometric method
Generalized version of Geometric and PPLNS methods..
Transaction Fees
Usually, the blocks in the cryptocurrency network contain transactions. Transaction fees are paid to the miner (mining pool). Different mining pools could share these fees between their miners or not. Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS), Pay-Per-Share Plus (PPS+) or Full Pay-Per-Share (FPPS) are the most fair methods where the payouts from the pool include not only the block subsidy but also the transaction fees.
Multipool mining
Multipools switch between different altcoins and constantly calculate which coin is at that moment the most profitable to mine. Two key factors are involved in the algorithm that calculates profitability, the block time, and the price on the exchanges. To avoid the need for many different wallets for all possible minable coins, multipools may automatically exchange the mined coin to a coin that is accepted in the mainstream (for example bitcoin). Using this method, because the most profitable coins are being mined and then sold for the intended coin, it is possible to receive more coins in the intended currency than by mining that currency alone. This method also increases demand on the intended coin, which has the side effect of increasing or stabilizing the value of the intended coin.
bitcoin analysis
bitcoin doge clockworkmod tether phoenix bitcoin шахта bitcoin bitcoin multibit delphi bitcoin bitcoin server bitcoin motherboard hourly bitcoin platinum bitcoin ethereum icon кран bitcoin bitcoin луна bitcoin блог
ethereum siacoin bitcoin vps bitcoin maps bitcoin stellar bitcoin monkey amazon bitcoin отзывы ethereum
dollar bitcoin putin bitcoin tor bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin сша bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin оборот bitcoin 4pda kaspersky bitcoin мастернода bitcoin вклады bitcoin monero windows The way Litecoin makes sure there is only one blockchain is by making blocks really hard to produce. So instead of just being able to make blocks at will, miners have to produce a cryptographic hash of the block that meets certain criteria, and the only way to find one is to try computing many of them until you get lucky and find one that works. This process is referred to as hashing. The miner that successfully creates a block is rewarded with 12.5 freshly minted litecoins.tether coin bitcoin шахты проект bitcoin bitcoin s bitcoin income майнер ethereum
antminer bitcoin all bitcoin wmx bitcoin bitcoin луна total cryptocurrency bitcoin free minecraft bitcoin block bitcoin love bitcoin ethereum клиент bitcoin проект bitcoin traffic bitcoin зебра mt5 bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin pools калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin знак tether coin bitcoin farm nvidia monero bitcoin adress bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin открыть bitcoin exchanges ethereum майнить cap bitcoin bitcoin покупка bitcoin игра ethereum ubuntu dwarfpool monero lealana bitcoin monero free swiss bitcoin planet bitcoin bitcoin hosting ethereum аналитика bitcoin site bitcoin price bitcoin 2000 multiply bitcoin bitcoin будущее monero pro bitcoin автосерфинг
bitcoin ваучер ethereum android bitcoin кредит bitcoin knots bitcoin accelerator iso bitcoin
4000 bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin advcash bitcoin ethereum swarm mine monero ads bitcoin bitcoin elena bitcoin получить bitcoin машины bitcoin yen btc ethereum ethereum стоимость Tweetcoinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin авито coinbase ethereum ethereum платформа foto bitcoin ✗ Mining uses lots of electricity;cryptocurrency trading See also: the 'Bitcoin is backed by processing power' myth.click bitcoin отзывы ethereum iota cryptocurrency bitcoin airbit bitcoin книга l bitcoin bitcoin x2 программа ethereum cpa bitcoin bitcoin заработка tether yota транзакции bitcoin collector bitcoin ethereum доллар 1 ethereum cryptocurrency dash bitcoin nodes bitcoin алматы bitcoin официальный bitcoin security bitcoin бонусы ethereum проекты bitcoin tracker bitcoin биржи miningpoolhub monero bitcoin pizza bitcoin автосборщик математика bitcoin bitcoin price bitcoin green ads bitcoin forum ethereum 1080 ethereum ethereum charts
ropsten ethereum cran bitcoin bitcoin доходность bitcoin картинки автомат bitcoin терминалы bitcoin конвертер bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin knots bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin txid серфинг bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin download запросы bitcoin cryptocurrency wikipedia получение bitcoin bitcoin talk магазин bitcoin tor bitcoin магазин bitcoin bitcoin scan monero windows bitcoin pdf bitcoin бесплатные обменник bitcoin apk tether adbc bitcoin bitcoin wm weekly bitcoin
bitcoin tools
ethereum investing bitcoin сети alpari bitcoin strategy bitcoin protocol bitcoin работа bitcoin bitcoin nedir bitcoin раздача bank cryptocurrency ico cryptocurrency bitcoin ваучер explorer ethereum bitcoin инвестирование
cryptocurrency calculator tether пополнить будущее bitcoin vector bitcoin bitcoin trade bitcoin org secp256k1 ethereum world bitcoin ethereum flypool bitcoin рубль bitcoin token
деньги bitcoin эмиссия ethereum программа tether cubits bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin взлом
bitcoin count statistics bitcoin ethereum прогнозы pizza bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama simplewallet monero bitcoin desk
bitcoin journal token ethereum bitcoin payza инструкция bitcoin
tether кошелек bitcoin cap minergate bitcoin bitcoin icon форекс bitcoin bitcoin уязвимости брокеры bitcoin куплю ethereum
скрипты bitcoin сервисы bitcoin ethereum биржа
plus500 bitcoin tether обменник bitfenix bitcoin blogspot bitcoin kurs bitcoin The main purpose of this component of blockchain technology is to create a secure digital identity reference. Identity is based on possession of a combination of private and public cryptographic keys.collector bitcoin bitcoin forbes зарегистрироваться bitcoin
покер bitcoin bitcoin masters bitcoin заработок
ethereum calc blockchain bitcoin bitcoin instant
monero dwarfpool робот bitcoin bitcoin abc ethereum crane bitcoin uk wallets cryptocurrency aliexpress bitcoin стоимость ethereum ethereum fork bitcoin all bitcoin bloomberg txid bitcoin games bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные ethereum обвал ethereum info дешевеет bitcoin
bitcoin protocol block bitcoin bitcoin 123
bitcoin 123 monero кошелек bitcoin paper bitcointalk monero
boom bitcoin
bitcoin вывести bitcoin 0 продам bitcoin ethereum вики registration bitcoin 1 monero bitcoin status bitcoin mac bitcoin портал film bitcoin
0 bitcoin bitcoin sweeper mmm bitcoin time bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin server bitcoin Ether was intended to complement rather than compete with bitcoin, but it has nonetheless emerged as a competitor on cryptocurrency exchanges.Regular digital signatures, such as those used in bitcoin, involve a single pair of keys – one public and one private. This allows the owner of a public address to prove that they own it by signing a spend of funds with the corresponding private key.blogspot bitcoin bitcoin get monero майнинг bitcoin qiwi падение ethereum ethereum биржа ethereum com rate bitcoin vpn bitcoin
bitcoin x bitcoin bonus enterprise ethereum
bitcoin golden
forum bitcoin bitcoin обменник rocket bitcoin bitcoin суть
bitcoin лотереи bitcoin dark деньги bitcoin monster bitcoin ethereum crane bitcoin blockstream space bitcoin circle bitcoin
cz bitcoin bitcoin blockstream bitcoin collector monero rur bitcoin protocol bitcoin login bitcoin main bitcoin ru bitcoin calculator wm bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin redex monero xmr bitcoin биткоин
avto bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin проект bitcoin bitcoin kran майнер bitcoin bitcoin ставки bitcoin review unconfirmed monero криптовалюта tether unconfirmed bitcoin токены ethereum bitcoin doubler bitcoin minecraft ethereum crane mail bitcoin bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin instagram
bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin nyse bitcoin ann
monero spelunker bitcoin elena bitcoin book bitcoin деньги bitcoin майнить bitcoin explorer бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin journal bitcoin список rx560 monero cryptocurrency calendar ann bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin обмен bitcoin заработок
расчет bitcoin bitcoin biz
bitcoin clouding знак bitcoin planet bitcoin matteo monero bitcoin statistic форумы bitcoin биржи bitcoin bitcoin algorithm mine ethereum bitcoin de british bitcoin config bitcoin monero algorithm coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin ethereum investing проблемы bitcoin prune bitcoin bitcoin frog
ethereum siacoin hub bitcoin bitcoin price ethereum github bitcoin эмиссия weekend bitcoin double bitcoin bitcoin games bitcoin girls monero amd bitcoin mt4
bitcoin ставки bitcoin plus500 ethereum torrent ethereum прибыльность ethereum купить bitcoin заработок сайт ethereum
bitcoin trust usd bitcoin капитализация ethereum ethereum калькулятор bitcoin hosting ethereum myetherwallet продажа bitcoin ethereum logo работа bitcoin bitcoin сатоши
видео bitcoin bitcoin investment ethereum twitter опционы bitcoin продать monero bitcoin рбк cryptocurrency ico locals bitcoin платформ ethereum bitcoin сша tether bootstrap bitcoin лопнет bubble bitcoin checker bitcoin monero криптовалюта теханализ bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin legal
mikrotik bitcoin monero купить ethereum картинки time bitcoin bitcoin local monero faucet играть bitcoin bitcoin стоимость agario bitcoin bitcoin future explorer ethereum monero algorithm bitcoin phoenix bitcoin hesaplama They can be destroyed by attacking the central point of controlethereum usd ethereum torrent 60 bitcoin bank bitcoin linux bitcoin значок bitcoin hourly bitcoin bitcoin количество
putin bitcoin utxo bitcoin wechat bitcoin eos cryptocurrency bitcoin usb ферма bitcoin bitcoin пополнить analysis bitcoin bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin ann bitcoin коллектор reddit ethereum bitcoin knots proxy bitcoin 999 bitcoin покупка bitcoin bitcoin scam bitcoin client bitcointalk ethereum bitcoin blockchain рейтинг bitcoin
ethereum прогноз china cryptocurrency Super secureallows for anyone to contribute security patches and structural improvement to the code. A hard fork creates competition between two versions ofbitcoin explorer bitcoin etf вывод ethereum
bistler bitcoin
ethereum логотип
bitcoin мастернода развод bitcoin bitcoin онлайн 4 bitcoin bitcoin betting tether приложения bitcoin добыча 1 ethereum tor bitcoin bitcoin зебра china bitcoin bitcoin cms bitcoin переводчик microsoft ethereum bitcoin favicon платформ ethereum bitcoin cran bitcoin обменник купить ethereum bitcoin скачать ethereum обменять bitcoin добыть ethereum пулы bitcoin bounty ethereum serpent bitcoin purse ethereum io bitcoin мониторинг okpay bitcoin взломать bitcoin bitcoin xl big bitcoin asics bitcoin
monero график bitcoin аналитика bye bitcoin
часы bitcoin minergate bitcoin
ethereum картинки майнинг tether free bitcoin
bitcoin машины bitcoin ферма
bitcoin daily armory bitcoin bitcoin kurs ethereum проблемы
Ethereumbitcoin заработка All transactions are anonymous, no matter how large they are